SAP Material Management Document

SAP Material Management Document Mission of the Statement The main objective of this document is to provide a Business Requirement document of SAP Material Management. This document gives a brief introduction about the various features of SAP Material Management Software. The document will give an explanation how this software could enhance the productivity of any organization and how to implement it to gain the maximum gains out of it. SAP is an enterprise information software which gives a cutting edge to any organization which uses it, so it is required to give the description of the same in brief. The information has been described in detailed in the following pages. Purpose of the Document The document would give brief about. The functionality of SAP Material Management with a brief description of the same The various features and characteristics of SAP Material Management which make it useful to the market. The document will guide through various aspects and pros and cons of using SAP Material Management. SAP is abbreviation for System Application and Product in data processing. SAP is the the third largest software provider in the world. It was founded by 5 IBM employees back in 1972 in Walldorf, Germany. SAP is basically an enterprise resource planning software (ERP) which is designed to incorporate resource management, manage data and perform process which are essential for business activities as in gaining and working around orders, billing of activities and HR management. SAP sits upon real time activity, It can be configured accoriding to the demand in the market. That is one of the most advance feature of SAP that it is very user friendly and readily adaptive to changes and requirements. This help in achieving the goal in a very short time period, as the customer needs and requirement keep on changing constantly hence this module is designed in such a way so as to accommodate the changes as soon as possible. SAP combines both time and cost and integrate all the data in a single module. Companies use SAP to keep up with their business demands. SAP MM known as SAP Material Management system. SAP Material Management works in the business activities as follows. A business course in SAP is labelled as Module. SAP Materials Management (MM) is a fragment of Logistics area and provideÂÂ   to handleÂÂ   the obtaining course of an organization from procurement. It compliments all features of material management (decision making, regulate etc.). It is the mainframe of the Logistics area which includes features like Marketing and Sales, Design Development, Plant Control, Project Feasibility, Warehouse Development and design which are very dependent on Materials Management module. Features of SAP MM The basic functionality and features of SAP MM system are: SAP MM module of SAP deals with material and inventory management Material Management module takes charge of the fact that there is no gap in the material which can hinder the Supply chain process in any company. SAP MM expedite the obtaining and material handling activities taking into account both time and cost factors. It works with detailing the material management (both the services and delivery output) modules of an identity with the focus on keeping up the efficiency, decimating various cost factors and improving the overall productivity and also be able to handle the real time changes. It works with the Procurement handling, managing the mater data for both the client and vendor, account recognition and evaluation of the various materials, Inventory management and invoice authentication, Material requirement handling and Planning. Benefits of SAP MM Most business associations need to deal with a procedure that starts with sourcing and acquisition of various types of materials and assets. In this way, from the time that such acquirement starts, to the time that the installment is finished, there is the need for a procedure that is proficient, viable and bodes well also. Also, this is precisely where SAP MM becomes possibly the most important factor. With such learning levels, a business association can appreciate: Better seller administration, Streamlined information stockpiling, recovery and use, Better buying systems, Smoother stock administration, Higher nature of materials assessment and Overall change in quality control also. Considering the way that low quality materials will cut down the general nature of the completed merchandise or items, each business association will in reality need to put resources into smooth materials administration forms. A portion of the advantages of SAP MM touch upon key viewpoints, for example, A superior comprehension of hierarchical structure, Better control over coordinations and receipt check, Clearer comprehension of various buy methodology, Forecasting materials prerequisites, Creating and utilizing MIS or Management Information Systems with particular reference to materials administration. SAP MM Process Flow The run of the mill acquirement cycle for an administration or material comprises of the accompanying stages: 1. Assurance of Requirements Materials necessities are distinguished either in the client offices or through materials arranging and control. (This can cover both MRP appropriate and the request based way to deal with stock control. The consistent checking of stock levels of materials characterized by ace records, utilization of the request point strategy, and anticipating on the premise of past use are imperative parts of the last mentioned.) You can enter buy demands yourself, or they can be produced consequently by the materials arranging and control framework. 2. Source Determination The Purchasing segment helps you recognize potential wellsprings of supply in view of past requests and existing longer-term buy assentions. This speeds the way toward making demands for citation (RFQs), which can be sent to sellers electronically by means of SAP EDI, if wanted. 3. Seller Selection and Comparison of Quotations The framework is fit for recreating evaluating situations, permitting you to think about various distinctive citations. Dismissal letters can be sent naturally. 4. Buy Order Processing The Purchasing framework receives data from the demand and the citation to help you make a buy arrange. Similarly as with buy demands, you can create Pos yourself or have the framework produce them consequently. Merchant planning assentions and contracts (in the SAP System, sorts of longer-term buy understanding) are likewise upheld. 5. Buy Order Follow-Up The framework checks the update time frames you have determined and if important consequently prints updates or expediters at the predefined interims. It likewise furnishes you with an a la mode status of all buy demands, citations, and buy orders. 6. Products Receiving and Inventory Management Products Receiving work force can affirm the receipt of merchandise essentially by entering the Po number. By indicating passable resiliences, purchasers can confine over-and underdeliveries of requested products. 7. Receipt Verification The framework bolsters the checking and coordinating of solicitations. The records payable representative is told of amount and value fluctuations in light of the fact that the framework has entry to PO and products receipt information. This speeds the procedure of inspecting and clearing solicitations for installment. Regular Tables utilized by SAP MM: The following are couple of essential Common Tables utilized as a part of Materials Management Modules: EINA Purchasing Info Record-General Data EINE Purchasing Info Record-Purchasing Organization Data MAKT Material Descriptions MARA General Material Data MARC Plant Data for Material MARD Storage Location Data for Material Pole Material to BOM Link MBEW Material Valuation MKPF Header-Material Document MSEG Document Segment-Material MVER Material Consumption MVKE Sales Data for materials RKPF Document Header-Reservation T023 Mat. bunches T024 Purchasing Groups T156 Movement Type T157H Help Texts for Movement Types MOFF Lists what sees have not been made A501 Plant/Material EBAN Purchase Requisition EBKN Purchase Requisition Account Assignment EKAB Release Documentation EKBE History per Purchasing Document EKET Scheduling Agreement Schedule Lines EKKN Account Assignment in Purchasing Document EKKO Purchasing Document Header EKPO Purchasing Document Item IKPF Header-Physical Inventory Document ISEG Physical Inventory Document Items LFA1 Vendor Master (General area) LFB1 Vendor Master (Company Code) NRIV Number range interims RESB Reservation/subordinate prerequisites T161T Texts for Purchasing Document Types Exchange Codes: RFQ to Vendor ME41 Raising Quotation ME47 Examination of Price ME49 Production of PO ME21N Products Receipt MIGO Receipt (Bill PAssing) MIRO Products Issue MB1A Physical Inventory MI01( Create doc) MI04 (Enter Count) MI07 (Post) SD Process Flow: The business archives you make are singular reports however they can likewise frame part of a chain of between related records. For instance, you may record a clients phone request in the framework. The client next solicitations a citation, which you then make by alluding to the request. The client later submits a request on the premise of the citation and you make a business arrange with reference to the citation. You send the merchandise and bill the client. After conveyance of the merchandise, the client claims credit for some harmed products and you make a for nothing out of pocket conveyance with reference to the business arrange. The whole chain of reports the request, the citation, the business arrange, the conveyance, the receipt, and the ensuing conveyance for nothing out of pocket makes a record stream or history. The stream of information from one record into another decreases manual movement and makes issue determination less demanding. Request and citation administrati on in the Sales Information System help you to arrange and control your deals. Exchange Codes: Request VA11/VA12/VA13 Citation VA21/VA22/VA23 Deals Order VA01/VA02/VA03 Conveyance VL01N/VL02N/VL03N Charging/Invoicing VF01/VF02/VF03 Procurement Processing To do with the business requirement all the organizations need materials. The Procurement process deals with the purchase of materials and taking services from various vendors. The whole Procurement activity should be facilitated so that it accounts for all the right measurement of the material accumulated at right time and at right cost. The procurement processing is further divided into following: Basic Procurement Special Procurement Basic Procurement Basic procurement is the activity of gaining or acquiring the services or material in the required amount with keeping onto account the cost and time. Hence the process of getting the services and equipment and supplies from the vendors in the right quantity and at right time is called procurement. The whole idea of Procurement I to strike the right balance for example: Organizations generally keep the inventory to a low as the inventory management costs are quite high but at the same time if there is shortage of raw material during production activity it can cost to the company a lot. Everyone always try to get the best price for any service but also balance between the product quality, vendor relationship and availability is also very important. Procurement Lifecycle Most present day associations acquisition take after some consecutive strides which are depicted underneath: 1.Requirement and Information Procurement: Acquisition handle begins with get-together data about item and its amount. At that point for required items and administrations, it is important to search for providers who can fulfill the necessities. 2.Supplier Contact In the wake of social occasion necessities one will search for the providers who can satisfy the prerequisites. In light of that citation demand or data demand can be reached can be made with them. 3.Background Review Once the provider is known item/benefit quality is checked, and any necessities for administrations, for example, establishment, guarantee and its support are examined. A few specimens of the items can be acquired for quality examination. 4.Negotiation A few arrangements with providers is made in regards to value, accessibility and conveyance timetable of the items/administrations. After this an agreement is marked that is a coupling authoritative report amongst provider and requesting party. An agreement will incorporate all fundamental data like cost and amount of material, conveyance date, and so on. 5.Order Completion Requested material will be dispatched, conveyed to the requesting gathering and provider is paid as needs be. Preparing and Installation of item or administrations may likewise be incorporated. 6.Consumption, Maintenance and Disposal As the items/administration is devoured the execution of the items or administrations is assessed and any subsequent administration bolster if required is dissected. 7.Contract Renewal Once the item or administrations are devoured or contract lapses and should be reestablished, or the item or administration is to be re-requested, organization involvement with merchants and specialist co-op is inspected. In the event that the items or administrations are to be re-requested, the organization chooses whether to arrange from past provider or consider new providers. The Basic Procurement is further divided into two subparts: Procurement for Stock Vs Consumption External Vs Internal Procurement Procurement for Stock Vs Consumption These two points gives the demarcation between the Stocks Vs Consuption: For Stock- A stock material is a material that is kept in stock. These materials are kept in stock once got from the merchant. The supply of this material continues expanding or diminishing in light of measure of the amount got or issued. To arrange a material for stock, the material must have an ace record inside the framework. For Consumption-At the point when acquirement is for direct utilization i.e. it will be expended when it is gotten, the client ought to indicate the utilization reason. To arrange a material for utilization, the material may have an ace record inside the framework. External Vs Internal Procurement Below given points gives the difference between the External and Internal Procurement External- It is the way toward securing merchandise or administrations from outer sellers. There are 3 essential types of outside acquisition by and large bolstered by the Purchasing segment of IT framework. One time orders are for the most part utilized for material and administrations that are requested unpredictably. For materials that are being requested consistently and in huge amounts, we can arrange manage the merchant (vendor) for evaluating or conditions and record then in an agreement. In an agreement you likewise indicate the legitimacy date. In the event that a material is requested on a regular premise and is to be conveyed by correct time plan, then you set up a planning understanding. Huge corporate associations may claim different separate organizations or organizations. Inside Procurement is procedure of getting material and administrations from among indistinguishable organization. In this way, each of these organizations keeps up an entire accounting framework with particular Balance, Profit and Loss Statements so when exchange happens between them it will be recorded. Unique Procurement Unique stocks will be stocks that are overseen contrastingly as these stocks did not have a place with organization and these are being kept at some specific area. Exceptional acquisition and unique stocks sorts are isolated into the consequent regions. Dispatch Stocks Material that is accessible at our store premises, in any case despite everything it has a place with the merchant (dealer)/Owner of the material. In the event that you use the material from dispatch stocks, then you need to pay to the merchant. Outsider preparing In outsider preparing, an organization passes on a business request to partner outer merchant (vender) who sends the products specifically to the client. The business request is not prepared by your organization, however by the merchant (vender). Outsider things can be entered in buy orders, buy requests and deals orders. Pipeline taking care of In pipeline taking care of, the organization needs not to request or store the material included. It is possible as and when required by means of a pipeline (for instance, oil or water), or another style of link, (for example, power). The material that is devoured is settled with the merchant (vender) all the time. Returnable Transport Stock The organization orders merchandise from a seller (vender). The products are conveyed with returnable transport bundling (beds, compartments) that has a place with the merchant (vender) and is put away on the client premises until they return it to the organization. Subcontracting The seller (the subcontractor) gets segments from the requesting party with the assistance of which it delivers an item. The item is requested by your organization through a buy arrange. The segments required by the merchant (dealer) to fabricate the requested item are recorded in the buy request and gave to the subcontractor. Stock exchange utilizing stock transport order Products are obtained and provided inside an organization. One plant arrange the products inside from another plant (accepting plant/issuing plant). The products are secured with an extraordinary sort of procurement request the stock transport arrange. Youll have the capacity to demand and screen the exchange of merchandise with a stock transport arrange. SAP MM-Organization Structure Association structure is the system of organization as per which business is led in each. Organization structure comprises of many levels which have relationship to some. Association structure is additionally alluded as big business structure. Venture structure is comprised of numerous hierarchical units having association with each other. SAP Implementation Guide At the point when customer buys SAP it arrives in a CD in type of programming. At the point when SAP is initially introduced, SAP has its standard set up that should be arranged by need of customer i.e. association. Setup of SAP programming like include fields, to change handle names, to alter drop down records and so forth to modify as indicated by working of your association is done through usage control known as IMG. IMG is the place we characterize venture structure and different settings that are required for working of SAP programming as indicated by need of an association. SAP IMG Path To do any sort of arrangement as per our association require the initial step is to achieve the execution (IMG) control screen. We can achieve usage control in 2 ways: Menu way Value-based code Menu way We can explore through the accompanying way to contact IMG: SAP Easy Access => Tools => Customizing => IMG => Execute Project SAP IMG Path Value-based code Best and basic approach to connect any SAP screen is TCode i.e. value-based code. Value-based code to connect IMG: SPRO (SAP Project Reference Object). Enter the Transaction code in order field and afterward tap on enter. SAP TCODE SAP IMG IMG screen can be connected quite recently by taking after the underneath steps: After SPRO, on the following screen tap on SAP Reference IMG. SAP IMG Next Screen will show up as takes after. This is the last screen from where we can do setups. SAP Display IMG Each association has some system or some structure is characterized by the entire business runs. Endeavor structure is the structure that speaks to an undertaking in SAP ERP framework. It is subdivided into different hierarchical units which for lawful reason or business related reason are assembled together. Endeavor structure characterizes different levels in an association. These levels are set by chain of importance. Every level has some particular usefulness connected with it, which combinedly portrays the working of an association. Likewise endeavor structure characterizes different authoritative units that are available in an undertaking. The Organizational Structure in MM comprises of taking after Organizational Levels: Customer Organization Code Plant Capacity Location Acquiring Organization Acquiring Group Taking after graph is one such authoritative structure which depicts the levels consolidated in an association. Customer being at the highest, trailed by numerous organization code, trailed by various plants, plants having different capacity area with their own particular or brought together buying associations. Customer The basic clarification of Client is as per the following: Customer is a business authoritative unit in R/3 framework. It has its own arrangement of ace information with autonomous table sets. As per progression, Client is at most elevated amount in SAP framework. Information that is kept up at customer level is legitimate for every single authoritative level. Organization Code The key clarification of Company Code is as per the following: Inside Client, Company code is the free bookkeeping unit. It is a legitimate substance that has its own benefit, misfortune and adjust proclamation. It is the littlest unit in association for which a total free record set can be reproduced. Plant The central clarification of Plant is as per the following: Plant is an authoritative unit inside an organization where exercises happen. A plant will create merchandise and makes products accessible for the organization. It is unit having fabricating office, stockroom conveyance focus or a local deals office inside calculated. It subdivides a venture in various viewpoints. Capacity Location The basic clarification of Storage Location is as per the following: Capacity area is an authoritative unit which really separates between various material stocks in a Plant. Capacity area is a place where stock is kept physically. Plant can comprise of different stockpiling area. All information is put away at capacity area level for a specific stockpiling area. Obtaining Organization The crucial clarification of Purchasing Organization is as per the following: Obtaining Organization is an authoritative unit under organization or plant which is in charge of acquisition exercises as per prerequisites. It is in charge of outside Procurement. Obtaining association can be at customer level i.e. brought together buying association. Obtaining association can be at organization or plant level i.e. organization particular or plant particular Diverse types of buying can be portrayed as takes after: Incorporated Purchasing Acquiring association is not doled out to any organization code it obtains for all organization codes having a place with various customer. Organization particular Purchasing Buying association is alloted to an organization code just, Plant having a place with the organization code can buy through this Purchasing association. Plant particular Purchasing Buying association is alloted to a Plant, just this particular Plant can buy through this Purchasing association. Buying Group The basic clarification of Purchasing Group is as per the following: Obtaining gathering is an authoritative unit which is in charge of ordinary acquisition exercises inside an association. It is a purchaser or gathering of purchaser in charge of obtainment exercises in an acquiring association. Prerequisite Analysis SAP MM gives usefulness to keeping up the accompanying expert information: Materials Administrations Merchants Acquiring Info Records Source List Merchant Evaluation Criteria Conditions (Commercial) Installment Terms Proposed Business Process: Materials: The material doc contains data on every one of the materials that an organization acquires or delivers, stores, and offers. It is the organizations focal hotspot for recovering material-particular information. This data is put away in individual material ace records. The material master is utilized by all parts in the SAP Logistics System. The incorporation of every material dat in a solitary database protest kills repetitive information stockpiling. In the SAP Logistics System, the information contained in the material ace is required, for instance, for the accompanying capacities: In Purchasing for requesting In Inventory Management for products development postings and physical stock In Invoice Verification for posting solicitations In Sales and Distribution for deals arrange preparing In Production Planning and Control for material prerequisites arranging, booking, and work planning Vendor Master Benefit ace records, in which depictions of all administrations that may should be obtained can be put away Vendor Master Information in merchant ace records controls how exchange information is posted and handled for a seller. The seller ace record additionally contains every one of the information you require to work with your merchants. The ace record is utilized in Accounting as well as in Materials Management. By putting away seller ace information midway and sharing it all through your association, you just need to enter it once. You can avert irregularities in ace information by keeping up it midway. On the off chance that one of your merchants changes their address, you just need to enter this change once and youre bookkeeping and obtaining offices will dependably have exceptional data. Buy information records You utilize this part in the event that you wish to store data on a merchant and a material as ace information at obtaining association or plant level. You can make obtaining data records for various acquirement sorts (standard, subcontracting, pipeline, dispatch). Source List The source rundown is utilized as a part of the organization of wellsprings of supply. It indicates the permitted (and prohibited) wellsprings of a material for a specific plant inside a predefined period. Every source is characterized by method for a source list record.

Disposable Goods Targeted by new French Tax Plan

Technology has not come without its demerits. Today, one thing that technology has been able to achieve is an easier and more comfortable life for people. This has been made possible by the easy to use, easy to dispose products that they have introduced to the market. Although we save more time and find these products easier to use, the environment suffers the adverse effect that come with the disposal/pollution of these products.Therefore, the French government is planning to reduce the cost, pollution and the effect that these disposable products cause in the society at the same time; they are trying to imbibe the culture responsibility in the people. They are also trying to reduce the populations overall consumption of energy. The negative externalities here is that this taxation would harm the growth of production companies and this would have an effect on economic growth.In order to drive home the point, the French government is devising a method of tax on disposables and subsid ies on energy effective products that would make the people to be forced to concede to this plan. However, this system of taxation and subsidy bears its own consequence too. In the case of disposables, two things can happen. The first thing is that if the tax is applicable to the producers, the price of the disposable products will escalate.On the other hand, if the tax is on the consumers, the supply would be the same and but demand for the products would be reduced. Overall, there would be reduction in supply in a lower proportion. However, in the case where subsidies are given on fuel-efficient cars, demand for these cars would be higher. Considering the deadweight losses, the externalities can not be reduced.

Was Chivalry in Decline During the 14th and 15th Centuries

Far from disappearing, chivalry during the 14 and 15th centuries it was actually going through somewhat of a revival, some historians even go as far to say it was experiencing a â€Å"renascence† in the late middle ages albeit an imperfect one. Even though it appears in this period of medieval history that chivalry was becoming all the more popular, fashionable even, the meaning and spirit behind chivalry that were so important during the first crusades were dilapidated, therefore one can see why it can be viewed that chivalry was in decline in the 14th 15th century. This is especially apparent seeing as Chivalry became a tool to be wielded by those privileged enough to have the money and influence to use it. Furthermore despite the large amount of bravado surrounding chivalry in the later medieval period, this just underlines the fact that chivalry in the 14th and 15th centuries was a hollow shell of what it had been in the time of the crusades. Kilgour indentifies chivalry in the early medieval period as the â€Å"First heroic age† where a â€Å"fusion of military glory and religion† was achieved for the first time. In his description of the glory of chivalry in its early days Kilgour only stresses the devaluation of chivalry in its time of decline in the 14th and 15th century. The writings of J Huizinga in which he describes the return of chivalry as †a rather artificial revival of things long dead, a sort of deliberate and insincere renascence of ideas drained of any real value† offer a clear analysis of chivalry and its decline as an ideal with any real meaning during the 14th and 15th century. Even though to a large extent he is certainly right to view chivalry as a hollow shell of what it was, his statement is slightly implausible because by no means were there no chivalric deeds performed that would not have seemed out of place some 200 years earlier during the crusades, for example: â€Å"A knight of the nation of Hainault named Sir Loys de Robessart. One day it happened that his enemies found him in a village with few of his people with him. There they attacked him and staged a fine skirmish. And although his enemies where great in numbers and much stronger he drove them out of he village. Thereupon a great force of his enemies renewed the attack, and although he sighted them at a distance, all the same he disdained to flee or to show any signs of fear. But with very steady, noble and virtuous courage sallied forth and in order to uphold the honour of this order of chivalry and of himself he determined to hold his ground, and there he died gloriously, for before he di ed when he saw he could not hold he made his men withdraw to the castle, for which act he was greatly praised both by his enemies and his own men. † From this example it is apparent that there were cases in which chivalric actions were not completely selfless, suggesting to one that chivalry was not in decline. Never the less mindful of Maurice Keens remark that the value of chivalry signified by the heroic ideals of the earlier romances has been lost to sight in a quest for imitative decoration, it is thus easy to see that perhaps even the most selfless cases of chivalry recorded by historians like the tale of Roberssart just suit to underpin the inherent flaws in late medieval chivalry with their â€Å"quest for imitative decoration. There is however one issue in the early medieval period that is conceivably the defining factor in best determining if there was a decline in chivalry in the 14th and 15th century, one that is not explored by Huizinga or Kilgour. It is whether the state of chivalry in its â€Å"first heroic age† was any different in its ideals and value before it had collapsed into a â€Å"mad, exaggerated display. One aspect that might prove this conclusion to be correct is raised by Maurice Keen who observes that some of the evidence describing chivalry, although being less plentiful in the 12th century is remarkably similar to what is being said two or three hundred years later. This example is enough to convince one that there was little difference in the spirit of chivalry at its beginning in the 12th and 13th centuries, suggesting that there was not a decline in chivalry due to it losing its meaning because that meaning was unchanged in some two hundred years. Despite her argument there is some evidence which disproves Maurice Keen’s notion of a chivalric spirit unchanged over two hundred years, which apart from being implausible, is proved to be inaccurate due to the evolution of chivalry as a tool to be used for selfish ends further undermining the ideals for which chivalry stands. The best illustration of chivalry being used as a tool is when it started to be harnessed for means of propaganda. This can be seen most prominently at the Vow of the Pheasant and the banquet held at Lille in 1445, in which the banquet was used to lavishly display a sense of chivalry with the intention of trying to gain the adequate support to initiate a crusade along the Mediterranean. However this was no excessive imitation of the past but was a calculated move by King Philip the Good, a move which perfectly illustrates the decline of chivalry in the late Middle Ages. What one also needs to understand is that this was not an isolated case. Chivalry was used as a tool in other ways as well. For example many Dukes’ Counts and court officials hoped that by exploiting the genuine respect for chivalrous values and conduct they could â€Å"solidify† respect for their rather â€Å"shaky† ducal authority. This point is interestingly supported by Maurice Keen who despite her previous argument explains that â€Å"chivalry was something secular princes could exploit† mainly because it was taken so seriously by â€Å"a very important sector of people. What makes her statement even more plausible is that it is reinforced by Raymond Kilgour, whose view is that an event such as these pageants evolved without a â€Å"deeper value to society† such was the extent to the dilapidation of chivalry, and its decline in the 14th and 15th centuries Despite much evidence to prove that chivalry was in decline in the late medieval period of the 14th and 15th centuries, some events just do not lend themselves to be interpreted it in this way. Especially when taken into account that a definition of the word decline is â€Å"the period when something reaches its end† this is particularly interesting as there are some documents which raise the question whether chivalry actually ever reached a period of definite decline at all in the 15th and 14th centuries, despite its withering spirit. One such piece of evidence that supports this view is a table listing all books printed in Venice in reference to military affairs. This specific document is useful because of all the works devoted to military affairs or dealing with them, the most prevalent category of book published was that of the laws of war and chivalry. The fact that this table lists books on chivalric warfare as being so popular this late on in the 1400’s must denote that chivalry was not in decline, for if it was going through a tangible Decline it would surely not have been such a popular subject for publishing. However if we are to take Huizinga’s view that chivalry was nothing more than â€Å"a rather artificial revival of things long dead† this would explain why even though chivalry exercised a â€Å"disastrous† affect on wars in this period of late medieval period it was still so wrote about. Another interpretation which supports Huizinga’s view is that litterateurs of the time where probably trying to capitalize on chivalry as a popular subject, similar to the way that secular princes used chivalry as a tool as Maurice Keen pointed out. Chivalry in practise was obviously not in decline in the late medieval period however in spirit it was, a perfect exhibition of this is shown through the disastrous effect chivalry had on the outcome of wars and on France itself. This was mainly the doing of King John the Good whose reign was â€Å"disastrous† to France because of his â€Å"chivalric prejudice†, as is pointed out by J Huizinga who rightly claims that it was King Johns â€Å"chivalric stubbornness† and carelessness which cost him the battle of Poitiers in 1356, as well as one of his most celebrated chivalric knights Geroffroi De Charny. This use of chivalry almost seems as though it’s being used to keep up appearances with what was fashionable at the time no matter the cost, and as a result underlines the decline in the spirit of chivalry and therefore the decline of chivalry itself. In conclusion the â€Å"cult† of chivalry as it is sometimes called in the later middle ages is generally considered by the majority of historians who deal with it indirectly or directly as meaningless, and therefore it has to be perceived as being in decline. Karl Brandi labelled the elaborate protocol at play in chivalric court as an â€Å"impressive, sumptuous yet wholly meaningless shell. † Similarly J Huizinga described chivalry as â€Å"naive† and â€Å"imperfect. † Raymond Kilgour on the other hand stated that chivalry was an â€Å"extravagant† illusion to try and maintain a feeling of â€Å"significance. † All these statements overwhelmingly point at a chivalry in a dire state of decline in the late medieval period, however in reality it was going through a revival. Despite this revival, chivalry was weak in spirit and had disastrous effects on society, the outcomes of war and on France itself. From this assumption it’s hard not to see that although chivalry in practise was not in decline in practise its meanings and ideals were, hence why one can see that chivalry was in decline in the 14 and 15th century.

Chinua Achebe s Things Fall Apart - 1308 Words

In Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe, the reader is taken on a literary journey to a Nigerian tribe, the Umuofia, to experience first-hand the struggles of a warrior named Okonkwo. At first glance, the novel appears to be written for a very specific audience: scholars familiar with Nigerian history, traditions, and culture. However, upon further examination the novel reveals itself to be a striking chronicle of human experiences, universal themes, and timeless struggles that appeal to every human, regardless of familiarity with Nigerian culture. Taken as a whole, the novel appears to be much more than the sum of its parts: syntax, diction, figurative language, imagery, repetition, and symbols. Things Fall Apart is a novel with literary merit—and lots of it. Part of the novel’s appeal lies in its compelling themes which strike chords that resound throughout time and across linguistic barriers. The clash of cultures, the struggle with change, and fatal character flaws are the main themes which Achebe’s novel probes. In order to sculpt a literary monument to the human condition and these universal themes, the author, Achebe, employs a broad variety of literary tools. Literary devices play a crucial role in enhancing the novel’s main themes and earning Things Fall Apart its widespread acceptance as a quality piece of literature. The clash of cultures is undoubtedly one of the most universal themes seen in literature. This cultural clash can be seen throughout life and historyShow MoreRelatedChinua Achebe s Things Fall Apart1719 Words   |  7 PagesThings fall apart is a classic novel written around the turn of the century, the novel focuses on the protagonist who we can also call a hero, Okonkwo. Okonkwo is a wealthy and respected leader within the Igbo tribe of Umuofia in eastern Nigeria. Strong individual with a passionate belief in all the values and traditions of his people. Chinua Achebe presents Okonkwo as a particular kind of tragic protagonist, a great man who carries the fate of his people. Okonkwo is a man who is inflexible andRead MoreChinua Achebe s Things Fall Apart1033 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Chinua Achebe is a famous Nigerian novelist in worldwide. Things fall apart is Chinua Achebe’s first novel published in 1958, the year after Ghana became the first African nation to gain independence. And this novel is one of the first African novels to gain worldwide recognition. (Phil Mongredien, 2010) This novel presents people a story of an African Igbo tribal hero, Okonkwo, from his growth to death. The fate of Okonkwo also indicates the fate of Africa caused by the colonizationRead MoreChinua Achebe s Things Fall Apart883 Words   |  4 Pagesdehumanize the native population and convince themselves that they are helping. Chinua Achebe’s book Things Fall Apart attempts to correct these misguided views of African societies by portraying a more complex culture that values peace, and the art of conversation. Achebe also tries to portray the idea that not all European people they come in contact with are aggressive, and misconstrued in their view of the African societ ies. Achebe tries to show us the value of his society through repeated views into conversationsRead MoreChinua Achebe s Things Fall Apart1410 Words   |  6 PagesTeddy Manfre Ms. Blass ENG 209-001 April 24, 2017 Things Fall Apart In 1958, Chinua Achebe a famous Nigerian author publishes one of his most famous novels Things Fall Apart. The novel takes place in a Nigerian village called Umuofia. During the time that this novel is published Nigeria is being criticized by the Europeans for being uncivilized. In response, Achebe uses his brilliance in this novel to express the valued history of his people to his audience. His focus in the novel is on the pre-colonizedRead MoreChinua Achebe s Things Fall Apart1015 Words   |  5 PagesIn his novel Things Fall Apart, author Chinua Achebe utilizes his distinctive writing style in order to accurately capture the culture and customs of the Igbo people despite writing his story in a foreign language. Five aspects of Achebe’s style that make his writing unique is the straightforward diction present in dialogue, the inclusion of native parables convey Igbo life authentically, the inclusion of native Igbo words and phrases, detailed descriptions of nature and the usage of figurative languageRead MoreChinua Achebe s Things Fall Apart1702 Words   |  7 PagesTitle: Things Fall Apart Biographical information about the author: Chinua Achebe was born in Nigeria in 1930. He had an early career as a radio host, and later became the Senior Research Fellow at the University of Nigeria. After moving to America, he became an English professor at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst. Achebe has won numerous awards for his poetry and fiction, including the Man Booker prize and Commonwealth Poetry Price. He currently teaches at Bard College. Author: Chinua AchebeRead MoreChinua Achebe s Things Fall Apart Essay1347 Words   |  6 PagesCulture is an Important Element of Society Chinua Achebe is the author of when Things Fall Apart while Joseph Conrad authored Heart of Darkness. Conrad and Achebe set their individual titles in Africa; Achebe is an African writer whereas Conrad is Polish-British. The authors draw strength from their backgrounds to validity the authenticity of their fictional novels. Conrad writes from his experiences in the British and French navies while Achebe uses his African heritage. The theme of culture isRead MoreChinua Achebe s Things Fall Apart1248 Words   |  5 PagesChris Lowndes Ms. Cook A.P.L.C. 21 October 2015 We Are Family: Hardships in One s Family in Things Fall Apart Specific attributes correlate with each other to help create or not create the ideal strong family. However, through those attributes arise conflicts and major disputes. This issue of trying to achieve and create a strong family is of immense importance in one’s life, especially in Chinua Achebe’s, Things Fall Apart, a milestone in African literature. For instance, the father leaves his legacyRead MoreChinua Achebe s Things Fall Apart Essay1682 Words   |  7 Pagescertain degree of the priest class, libation, holidays, creation stories, divine systems of punishments and rewards. In the novel, Things Fall Apart, written by Chinua Achebe, is a story of tragic fall of a protagonist and the Igbo culture. Achebe demonstrates different examples and situations of where an African culture, in the instances of tribal religions, did certain things because of their tradition is and the way they developed into. African cultures pondered life mysteries and articulated theirRead Mo reChinua Achebe s Things Fall Apart1314 Words   |  6 PagesChinua Achebe masterpiece â€Å"Things Fall Apart† (1959) is the classic story of Okonkwo, a young man who strives to be revered by his village and family but because of his own internal character flaws meets his own demise. In the Igbo culture, family traditions are an important narrative throughout the novel. Okonkwo, the protagonist character of this story, begins with many attributes of what would be concluded as a hero with his cultural society. He is hard working, a material provider, feared and